Relational Trauma Takes Many Forms
Childhood Trauma
Childhood Trauma
- Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse
- Neglect or abandonment
- Witnessing domestic violence
- Loss of a parent or caregiver
- Experiencing severe bullying
Interpersonal Trauma
Interpersonal Trauma
- Intimate partner violence (domestic violence)
- Sexual assault or harassment
- Betrayal trauma (e.g., infidelity, betrayal by a trusted person)
- Emotional manipulation or gaslighting
Community or Societal Trauma
Community or Societal Trauma
- Exposure to community violence or gang violence
- Discrimination, racism, or systemic oppression
- Hate crimes
- Forced displacement (e.g., gentrification, eviction)
Medical or Health-Related Trauma
Medical or Health-Related Trauma
- Diagnosis of a life-threatening or chronic illness
- Medical procedures that were invasive or distressing
- Childbirth trauma (for mothers and/or infants)
- Experiencing or witnessing medical malpractice
Collective Trauma
Collective Trauma
- Exposure to community violence or gang violence
- Discrimination, racism, or systemic oppression
- Hate crimes
- Forced displacement (e.g., gentrification, eviction)
Accidents or Natural Disasters
Accidents or Natural Disasters
- Car accidents or transportation accidents
- Natural disasters (hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, wildfires)
- Workplace or industrial accidents
Military or First Responder Trauma
Military or First Responder Trauma
Combat exposure
Witnessing death or severe injuries
PTSD from active duty
Vicarious trauma from emergency response work
Loss and Bereavement
Loss and Bereavement
- Sudden or violent loss of a loved one
- Loss due to suicide or overdose
- Multiple losses in a short period
Systemic or Institutional Trauma
Systemic or Institutional Trauma
- Involvement with the foster care system
- Incarceration or exposure to prison violence
- Immigration-related trauma (e.g., detention, separation from family)
Negative experience Traumatic
Negative experience Traumatic
- Experiencing homelessness
- Cult or high-control group experiences
- Traumatic betrayals in relationships (e.g., abuse by a trusted authority)
Relational Trauma Takes Many Forms
Childhood
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Potentially traumatic events before age 18 including abuse, neglect, household dysfunction, and witnessing violence. Around half of adults in England have experienced at least one ACE. Those with four or more ACEs are significantly more likely to experience depression, addiction, violence, and early death.
~50% of adults in England have experienced at least one ACE Public Health Wales / Blackburn & Darwen Study
Developmental
Attachment Trauma & Early Relational Wounds
When caregiving is frightening, absent, or unpredictable, children develop insecure attachment styles that shape every subsequent relationship. In England, over 80,000 children are in care, and around 45% have a diagnosable mental health disorder compared to 10% of the general child population.
80,000+ children in care in England 45% have a diagnosable mental health disorder NIHR Evidence, 2022
Adult Relationships
Intimate Partner Violence & Coercive Control
Physical, sexual, psychological, and financial abuse by a current or former partner. In England and Wales, 9.9 million people have experienced domestic abuse since the age of 16. Nearly 1 in 4 women and 1 in 6–7 men experience domestic abuse during their lifetime.
1 in 4 women in England and Wales experience domestic abuse in their lifetime ONS, November 2024 / NCDV
Community
Community-Based & Collective Trauma
Exposure to knife crime, gang activity, systemic racism, and under-resourced communities. In 2024, there were over 55,000 knife-enabled crimes in England and Wales. Young people exposed to community violence face significantly elevated risks of PTSD, depression, and anxiety.
55,000+ knife-enabled crimes recorded in England and Wales in 2024 ONS / Home Office, 2024ence, 2022alth disorder NIHR Evid
Generational
Historical & Intergenerational Trauma
Physical, sexual, psychological, and financial abuse by a current or former partner. In England and Wales, 9.9 million people have experienced domestic abuse since the age of 16. Nearly 1 in 4 women and 1 in 6–7 men experience domestic abuse during their lifetime.
£66bn estimated annual cost of domestic abuse to society in England and Wales — a key driver of intergenerational harm Home Office / Domestic Abuse Commissioner, 2024
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